PAM4 eye-diagram

How would a PAM4 look if you could freeze the time?

I have recently extended my 3D-printed models of eye diagrams. Now it also includes a PAM4 signal at a data rate of 6 Gb/s (3 gigasymbols per second).

The interesting thing about PAM signals is that the voltage has more than 2 states. Therefore, each symbol encodes more than 1 bit. In the case of the shown PAM4, each symbol can have 4 distinguished voltage levels and therefore encodes 2 bits.

The symbol rate describes the amount of different states over time and is given in baud—3 GBd/s in this case. As each state encodes 2 bits, the data rate is 6 Gb/s.

You can find the files for printing on 🌐https://youmagine.com/designs/5f74a596-ee1f-4c5b-bf0d-091f445306e6

I took inspiration for the PAM4 eye diagram from 🌐https://ansyshelp.ansys.com/public/Views/Secured/Electronics/v242/en/Subsystems/HFSS/Content/Circuit/2DandCircuitPAM4EyePlot.htm